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Date: September 12, 2025 1. Executive Summary The ICJ Climate Change Advisory Opinion, delivered on July 23, 2023, represents a “game-changer for human rights” and a “monumental victory” for climate justice, particularly for Africa. The opinion characterizes climate change as an “urgent and existential threat” and provides an authoritative interpretation of states’ existing climate obligations under international law. Key findings include the legal binding nature of the Paris Agreement’s 1.5-degree temperature limit, clarification of state […]

Firdaous Initiative for Academic Excellence hosted a webinar on “Work Life Balance & Gender Equality,” featuring insights from Bernice Adeoti, Norah Malambo, and Chibwe Lumpa. The discussion emphasizes the critical intersection of work-life balance and gender equality, highlighting the challenges women face and proposing actionable solutions for individuals, organizations, and society at large. I. Core Definitions and Interconnectedness The webinar firmly established the foundational definitions of work-life balance and gender equality and stresses their inherent

In a landmark advisory opinion on July 23, 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered a transformative analysis of state obligations on climate change. For the nations of Africa; a continent that has contributed the least to historical emissions yet suffers disproportionately from its impacts. This ruling is not merely a legal milestone; it is a powerful new tool in the fight for climate justice. By establishing a definitive link between environmental protection and

Abstract The 2007–2008 post-election violence in Kenya serves as a poignant lesson on the potential for conflict and upheaval following contested elections in Africa. With Mozambique currently grappling with similar election-related violence, examining Kenya’s experience provides crucial insights into conflict prevention, peace-building, and the role of governance in promoting electoral integrity. This article explores Kenya’s post-election crisis, highlighting causes, responses, and eventual reforms, while analyzing how Mozambique can apply these lessons. It focuses on the

1.1  Introduction to Refugee Law Refugee law is a complex and evolving field of international law aimed at protecting individuals who flee their country due to well-founded fears of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. The 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol form the core of international refugee law, setting the standards for refugee protection, including the principle of non-refoulement.[1] This principle, enshrined in Article